Politische und wirtschaftsgeographische Entwicklungsfaktoren der Slowakischen Republik

Der vorliegende Beitrag befasst sich erstens mit dem Vergleich der sozioökonomischen Entwicklungen zwischen der Slowakei und den anderen neuen östlichen Mitgliedsstaaten der EU. Anhand makroökonomischer und anderer Indikatoren wird der relative Erfolg der sozioökonomischen Entwicklung der Slowakei verdeutlicht. In einem zweiten Teil werden weitere Merkmale des slowakischen Entwicklungspfades aufgezeigt.Soziale Lage; Wirtschaftslage; Volkswirtschaft; Slowakei

Noether's theorem and Lie symmetries for time-dependent Hamilton-Lagrange systems

Noether and Lie symmetry analyses based on point transformations that depend on time and spatial coordinates will be reviewed for a general class of time-dependent Hamiltonian systems. The resulting symmetries are expressed in the form of generators whose time-dependent coefficients follow as solutions of sets of ordinary differential (``auxiliary'') equations. The interrelation between the Noether and Lie sets of auxiliary equations will be elucidated. The auxiliary equations of the Noether approach will be shown to admit invariants for a much broader class of potentials, compared to earlier studies. As an example, we work out the Noether and Lie symmetries for the time-dependent Kepler system. The Runge-Lenz vector of the time-independent Kepler system will be shown to emerge as a Noether invariant if we adequately interpret the pertaining auxiliary equation. Furthermore, additional nonlocal invariants and symmetries of the Kepler system will be isolated by identifying further solutions of the auxiliary equations that depend on the explicitly known solution path of the equations of motion. Showing that the invariants remain unchanged under the action of different symmetry operators, we demonstrate that a unique correlation between a symmetry transformation and an invariant does not exist.Comment: 12 page

ICAM G241A polymorphism and soluble ICAM-1 serum levels: Evidence for an active immune process in schizophrenia

Objectives: We have previously reported reduced serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in schizophrenic patients. A single-nucleotide polymorphism ( SNP) of the ICAM-1 gene was described at position 241. The G --> A SNP results in a nonsynonymous amino acid exchange of the ICAM-1 protein, and the A allele was shown to be also associated with several immunological disorders like rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: We investigated 70 schizophrenic patients and 128 unrelated healthy control persons regarding the relationship between the serum levels of sICAM-1 and the ICAM-1 G214A polymorphism. Results: We were able to replicate our previous finding of reduced sICAM-1 levels in schizophrenia. Healthy control persons carrying the polymorphic A allele showed markedly lower sICAM-1 serum levels than carriers of the homozygous GG wild type ( p < 0.004). In contrast, no significant difference in the sICAM-1 serum levels were seen regarding the G241A genotype distribution in schizophrenic patients. Conclusion: We hypothesize that the biochemical effect of the G241A SNP is masked in schizophrenic patients, indicating a disease-related mechanism leading to reduced levels of sICAM-1 in schizophrenia. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel

Technologie- und Innovationspolitik in Sachsen

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